Proportionality in economics

Ethical School in Islamic Economics and Conventional Economics

In the present age, it is the age of economic crises and challenges to moral values. Today, with many moral schools, we are faced with the dos and don’ts of economic activities. On the one hand, the Islamic society needs a dynamic and developed economy, and on the other hand, it needs to consolidate and strengthen moral values in order to bring worldly and otherworldly happiness to people by ma...

Proportionality in Modern Asymmetrical Wars

Transitivity and proportionality in causation

It is widely assumed that causation is transitive, but putative counterexamples abound. These examples come in three varieties: switching cases, short circuit cases, and what I will call mismatch cases. In this paper I focus on the mismatch variety, which is widely taken to be the easiest to resolve. I will first introduce the cases and the existing strategy for dealing with them, then present ...

Privacy and Proportionality

Equality and Proportionality

Contemporary moral egalitarians hold that all people have equal moral standing and that we deserve this standing in virtue of satisfying some descriptive criterion. These two claims appear to be in tension, however, as none of the proposed criteria are attributes that all people possess equally. Many egalitarians have hoped to eliminate this tension by holding that the descriptive criterion of ...